Mesosaurus Facts and Figures

Name: Mesosaurus (Greek for middle lizard); pronounced MAY-so-SORE-usHabitat: Swamps of Africa and South AmericaHistorical Period: Early Permian (300 million years ago)Size and Weight: About three feet long and 10-20 poundsDiet: Plankton and small marine organismsDistinguishing Characteristics: Slender, crocodile-like body; long tail About Mesosaurus Mesosaurus was the odd duck (if youll excuse the mixed species metaphor) among its fellow prehistoric reptiles of the early Permian period. For one thing, this slender creature was an anapsid reptile, meaning it did not have any characteristic openings on the sides of its skull, rather than a more common synapsid (a category that embraced the pelycosaurs, archosaurs and therapsids that preceded the dinosaurs; today, the only living anapsids are turtles and tortoises). And for another, Mesosaurus was one of the first reptiles to return to a partially aquatic lifestyle from its fully terrestrial forebears, like the prehistoric amphibians that preceded it by tens of millions of years. Anatomically, though, Mesosaurus was pretty much plain vanilla, looking a bit like a small, prehistoric crocodile... that is, if youre willing the overlook the thin teeth in its jaws that seem to have been used to filter plankton. Now that all thats been said, however, the most important thing about Mesosaurus is where it lived. The fossils of this prehistoric reptile have been discovered in eastern South America and southern Africa, and since Mesosaurus lived in freshwater lakes and rivers, it clearly couldnt have swum across the expanse of the southern Atlantic Ocean. For this reason, the existence of Mesosaurus helps support the theory of continental drift; that is, the now-well-attested fact that South America and Africa were joined together into the giant continent Gondwana 300 million years ago before the continental plates supporting them broke apart and drifted into their current positions. Mesosaurus is important for yet another reason: this is the earliest identified animal to have left amniote embryos in the fossil record. Its widely believed that amniote animals existed a few million years before Mesosaurus, only recently evolved from the first tetrapods to climb up onto dry land, but we have yet to discern any conclusive fossil evidence for these very early amniote embryos.

Voltaire s Theory Of The Age Of Enlightenment - 848 Words

Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, or most commonly known as Voltaire was born November 21, 1699, in Paris, France. He was a French philosopher, historian and writer of the Age of Enlightenment. He valued the right to have your own thoughts as well as the ability to change religion. Even though he was a complex person, he was highly intelligent, humorous and his writing style made him one of France s greatest writers and philosophers. He supported social reform, including freedom of religion, civil rights and free trade. Voltaire had a rough relationship with his father. It is hypothesized that, in order to separate from his family he dropped his name and adopted the name Voltaire in 1718. The meaning of his pen name is unknown, but there are efforts in trying to find the origins. During his sixty year literary career, Voltaire wrote many plays, poems and books including Candide and Letters on The English. â€Å"Human beings are not only greedy, treacherous, and unpredictable, but also delightfully foolish, even mad. For they surround themselves with systems of belief to keep the sense of evil at bay. The propensity of human beings to find consolation in even the most tragic circumstances is one of the basic aspects of our nature.† (Mason 11) Even with the heavily enforced censorship laws and harsh penalties during his time, Voltaire used his works to criticize the Catholic Church beliefs and the state of France itself. According to Shaftesbury Zubiri, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy,Show MoreRe latedThe Theories And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment Era1168 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphysics, Ethics, Politics, and Esthetics. Throughout the age’s different theories and beliefs of philosophers contributed to our current understanding of the world. During the different eras philosophical beliefs influenced events and documents of the time. The Enlightenment Era, often called the Age of Reason, brought about many astonishing works deliberating the nature of human beings. As times progressed to the age of Enlightenment the different ideas surfaced changing the way humans thought of themselvesRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesleap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic phil osophy promoted the polish of the human intelligence and made education a longing that lasted in the following centuries. Names like John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and many more, contributedRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment Ideas Lead To Hypocrisy In Candide By Voltaire1592 Words   |  7 Pages Did Age of Enlightenment ideas lead to hypocrisy in Candide? The â€Å"Age of Reason†, during Europe was a time in history where people started to confide in eachother and themselves when it came to reason and logic; and it was a period when creative ability came to light and it was encouraged. This paper will examine Voltaire s Candide and the way Voltaire mocks religion and how this outlines Enlightenment thought. A decent approach to portray Candide may be the ethical quality play by VoltaireRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pages Upon analyzing the contemporaries of the 18th century enlightenment period, it is important to note that the idea of â€Å"change† caused unease and anxiety to settle in. The enlightenment was a European philosophical movement led by philosophers, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke. These thinkers began to question the way of life in the contemporary world and discussed the potential of â€Å"man†. Immanuel Kant hypothesized that man is immature and has yet to find his true potential. QuestioningRead MoreAge Of Reason And The Scientific Revolution1089 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Age of Reason The Age of Reason took place in Europe from the mid 1500s and ended in the late 1700s. This can be categorized into two different time periods. First, was the Scientific Revolution when many scholars created new ways of thinking about the natural world. The Scientific Revolution ended around the late 1600s. Although this time period was over, common ideas spread to the next period. The second time period in the Age of Reason was the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was whenRead MoreCandide : A Reflection Of The Enlightenment1325 Words   |  6 Pages Candide: A Reflection of the Enlightenment Francois-Marie Arouet, otherwise known as Voltaire was an 18th century French philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment period. Voltaire’s most famous work of literature; Candide follows a young man who grows up in a Baron’s castle (Castle Thunder-ten-tronckh), under the instruction of Dr. Pangloss, a tutor and philosopher who worships optimism even under extreme circumstances. Throughout Voltaire’s novel, Candide and his companions encounter aRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age of reasoningRead MoreA Great Period Of Time1528 Words   |  7 PagesChristian tradition. â€Å"Prior to the Enlightenment, believing in God in the West was like believing in the sunrise; the answer to all the big questions of life was God† (Wade). During this time many things revolved around the bible, as did the government since the bible was the main source of knowledge. Many viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of their lives, but the view of many would soon change during the time of the Enlightenment. The enlightenment began in the early 1700’s and during this time periodRead MoreThe Enlightenment1278 Words   |  6 PagesWorld The Enlightenment, Age of Reason, began in the late 17th and 18th century. This was a period in Europe and America when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and respect for humanity. This period promoted scientific thought, skeptics, and intellectual interchange: dismissing superstition, intolerance, and for some, religion. Western Europe, Germany, France, and Great Britain, and the American Colonies generally influenced the age of reasonRead MoreThe And Satire Of Voltaire s Candide Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pages Candid, is a French novella, and satire, that was published in 1759 by the French writer Voltaire, who is known as the greatest philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, Voltaire was Often in disagreement with French authorities because of his politically charged works, he was twice imprisoned and spent many years in exiles. Candide tells the story of a young man, who lives in the castle of the Baron, who loves the baron’s daughter Congounde, and also Where he meets Doctor Pangloss, the philosopher

Lessings Conception of a Universal Religion - 1115 Words

Lessing’s Nathan the Wise implies a conception of a universal religion of reason which is typical of the enlightenment period. Even though, Lessing does not dismiss existing religions in his work, I will argue that his humanistic religion conflicts with the idea of identity that is necessary to define one’s humanity. Thus, Lessing’s understanding of religion is not feasible since it overlooks the basis of religion. First, I will state that the play refocuses our intention on manhood and humanity. Next, I will explain how Lessing tries to reconcile religious beliefs with his humanistic religion through reason and tolerance. Finally, I will demonstrate how such a reconciliation is not practicable and how Lessing’s conception of a universal†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Lessing does not reject particular religions, but integrates them into a humanistic context. In his attempt to reconcile his conception of a universal religion of reason and particu lar religious beliefs, Lessing seems to discount the very nature of religion. On the one hand, he concedes that religion is rational since it plays a role in justifying human existence. On the other hand, he claims that personal beliefs must be put aside for a greater purpose which is humanity. Lessing’s commitment to a humanistic religion conflicts with the idea of a religious community. These two conceptions of religion lead to an alienation of humanity, since both claim to define what constitutes a human being. For Lessing, it is the reasonable investigation for truth that implies tolerance whereas for a particular religion it is the practice of certain rituals and the belonging to a given religious community that constitutes humanity. This conflict is observable in the current struggle between the Islamic world and the West. While one endorses the precepts of Islam as the main characteristics for one’s humanity, the other fends for secularism and tolerance. Not on ly does Lessing’s humanistic religion call for a redefinition of humanity which conflicts with those endorsed by religious communities, but it also fails to consider evil and history. In his optimistic vision, Lessing believes that God’s truth will one day be

Feminine Roles in Othello Essay - 1310 Words

Feminine Roles in Othello A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles. One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies states the hero’s dependence on Desdemona: Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates the seemingly betraying woman he has so depended on for happiness with his own mother, who gave Othello’s father a handkerchief and threatened him with loss of her love if he should lose it. (226) A different role for the heroine appears at the†¦show more content†¦Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned. The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the young wife to assume a heretofore-unheard-of role for herself – that of barrister. She is compelled by the situation to stand before the senators and duke, members of the City Council of Venice, and present her side of the story in a convincing manner. As a lawyer she does remarkably well. Brabantio’s rage, among other reasons, necessitate that Desdemona live with Iago and Emilia during the Moor’s campaign in Cyprus against the Turks. While awaiting the arrival of Othello’s ship at the seaport of Cyprus, Desdemona shows herself an intelligent, educated debater. She grows tired of Iago’s derogatory comments directed at his wife, and she quite matter-of-factly states her mind: â€Å"O, fie upon thee, slanderer!† She continues to critique the ancient’s answers to her questions: â€Å"These are old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i the alehouse† and â€Å"O heavy ignorance! thou praisest the worst best.† She is not fearful or reticent in the least. Once that her husband has safely arrived on the island and disembarked, she greets him publicly as if she were herself a diplomat, and later responds before the crowd to his loving address to herself: The heavens forbid But that our loves and comforts shouldShow MoreRelated Feminine Roles in Othello Essay1885 Words   |  8 PagesFeminine Roles in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles.    One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us about the hero’s dependence on Desdemona:    Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates theRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Femininity1571 Words   |  7 Pagesideas of femininity have on literary texts, we must first acknowledge what the term means. Clearly both terms derive from the original sex of the being, whether male or female, and can be similarly tied in with notions of gender, either masculine or feminine, which are said to be constructs, or labels, created by society. However `masculinity and `femininity become, on some levels, dislodged from the idea of the biological makeup and gender constructs, and instead tend to be described in terms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello Is A Play About Human Nature And Relationships1400 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare s Othello is a play about human nature and relationships. By studying these human relationships, differences in race, gender and class suggest that as in all other societies, Venetian society co nsists both of empowered groups, and constrained groups. These relationships, discussed with reference to Othello, Desdemona, Iago, Emilia, Cassio, Bianca, Lodovico and a number of other characters, are revealed through words and actions. The relationship between Iago and Emilia is a superb exampleRead MoreThe Women in Othello Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe women in Othello are synonymous with Venetian societal standards. Only three women are characters in Othello: Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca but the roles these women play give the reader an idea of how women were portrayed, not only in Shakespeares Othello but in society in general. Women were viewed merely as possessions. After the Duke allows Desdemona to accompany Othello to Cyprus, Othello says To my conveyance I assign my wife (I.3.283), this statement implies that Desdemona and a possessionRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of power is explored in various ways throughout ‘Othello’, Shakespeare uses the vulnerability of characters’ flaws to allow power shifts to occur through manipulation. The Elizabethan value consensus highlights the difference in gender roles, with societal expectations being defined by the divine order. The limitations of social mobility provide a strong platform for the theme of power to be embedded upon, with characters such as Desdemona and Emilia representing the struggle that womenRead MoreWomen Of The Elizabethan Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Women of the Elizabethan society, such as in Shakespeare’s Othello, are particularly not considered as equal. Women were more often seen as less of people who need to be helped and aided by man. This ideology was spread by both men and women of that time by them playing into the gender roles of male and female. Othello gives a relative example of the male and female ideology being accepted and spread throughout society in the Elizabethan age. With it only being three women in the play, DesdemonaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare, the women take on various roles in this Venetian society. The roles include committing fraud, playing the part of the victim, and playing the part of the hero. In this Venetian society in the 1600s, the women served major purposes and were vital to keep the towns running. However, the women also faced being victimized and stereotyped in this man-run society. Women were inferior to men, treated unequally, and women were also viewed asRead MoreWomen: Venetian Societal Views1156 Words   |  5 PagesRace. Women. Men. Class. Poor. Rich. Royalty. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, many issues are explored through a tragedy. The rights of women are being put to the test. There are three women, Bianca, Desdemona, and Emilia that play a major role in Othello. In the Elizabethan Era women were neither very respected, nor considered to be intelligent. Yet, the women hold most of the power in the Tragedy of Othello. The women are also the only characters that are able to maintain the trust among themselvesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Patriarchal Society1131 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the sixteenth century were commonly dominated by a patriarchal society. Meaning their loyalty and respect lay amongst the men in their lives with little choice for opposition. In Othello by William Shakespeare, he portrays the role of women in a way typical to their representation in Elizabethan and Venetian society. While the women may be presented as mentally stronger than their male counterparts, the language given to these female characters suggest that they have internalized societyRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1333 Words   |  6 Pagesmale violence in Othello. For some reason Shakespeare’s play often put the emphasis on the role of t he female characters and their influence on the main male characters. For instance, the result of the passionate love of Romeo for Juliet, the effect of Ophelia’s insanity had on hamlet, and so on. In Othello, Shakespeare made Desdemona and the other women in the play no different; Othello’s jalousie and love made the play a tragedy. Shakespeare made Desdemona the faithful wife of Othello. She was such

Billy Liar Essay Example For Students

Billy Liar Essay In the first scene in the plays exposition, when Billy enters and has a row with his father, I will be helping my actors illustrate the generation gap by doing numerous short exercises. I will put them into groups of 3, and give them a scenario. First I will create a pub scene, and all the actors are to be Billys age and are complaining about Billys parents generation. Then I will change the scenario to at a restaurant, and all of the actors will now be Billys parents generation, and they will be complaining about Billys generation, saying how they answer back and how ungrateful they are etc. Then the scenario will change once more, to a kitchen scene and the actors would become from Florences generation, complaining about the way Billy treats his parents and how he answers them back. These simple exercises will help the actors understand more, about how each generation has gradually changed and the differences between them. This effectively will help them to characterise the generation gap, between Billy and his father more easily. They will have a better understanding of the relationship between Billy and his father. When Billy first enters reading the paper, the actor should saunter into the kitchen and wait a few seconds, looking interested in the paper, before saying the first lines- Cabinet Changes Imminent. When the actor delivers this line of dialogue they should look up to the audience and put on a posh accent, as if mimicking someone. When Billy enters the scene and Geoffrey replies to his comment, we should straight away get a feel of the sort of relationship between the 2 characters. The actor playing Geoffrey should get across the hostility between Geoffrey and Billy straight away. In order to do this Geoffrey should be looking down at the table and straight after Billy has finished his lines Geoffrey should come straight in with yes, and youll be bloody imminent if you dont start getting up on a morning Almost cutting Billy off. The lines should be short and sharp, to get across the tension. Geoffrey should have an angered expression on his face. The actor should really emphasise the word bloody We should immediately recognise the change in Geoffrey when Billy enters the scene.  Billys life is very boring in Billys eyes and in order to make his life more exciting and fun, he creates a fantasy world and he is always acting to himself and imagining things. However Billy also makes up extreme lies to help make his life more interesting. His lies stem from his fantasies, and in order to cover up his lies he tells more and more lies, and they get deeper each time. Billy finds every aspect of his life boring; his job, the people, the town where he lives, and Billy seems to think that he is special, and therefore he fantasises to make his life more exciting. Billy makes up totally random lies, such as when he told Arthur that his mum lost a leg, and when he told his mum that Arthurs mum was pregnant. Billy often fantasises about being a soldier, and when he is arguing with his father in the kitchen, Billy fantasises, and turns himself into a soldier, shooting his parents. He also fantasises about being a president or being famous and making speeches. In Act 3 when Billy lies about the cardigan that he was supposed to give to his mum, from Arthurs mum, he has to make up more lies to cover up his previous lies. I would help my actors to play that role better, by doing a number of exercises that would help them to feel how Billy would feel, when he has to make up lie after lie on the spot. I will tell them to get into pairs and firstly one of them would be Billy and the other a teacher. .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .postImageUrl , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:hover , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:visited , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:active { border:0!important; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:active , .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0 .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9475c05bb899d24c4c550df862b0cec0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alison in The Millers Tale EssayThe teacher wants homework form Billy, but Billy hasnt done it, he makes up an excuse, but the teacher has evidence to prove that he is lying. Billy has to make more lies up to cover the ones he has told. Next, one of them would be Billy and the other person would be Billys mum. Billy has got home late from school and makes up a lie, but his mum can prove that it is not true; again, Billy has to make up lies on the spot. Lastly, one of them would be Billy and the other would be Arthurs mum. She wants to know if Billys mum received the cardigan, again Billy lies; Arthurs mum has spoken to Billys mum and knows that she didnt get it. These exercises will help the actors to both get to know how it feels to be Billy when he is making up lies and this will help them in their delivery of lines, also this will help them to understand how it feels for the person being lied to. If an actor is playing Arthur or Billys mum, then they will get to know how it feels to be on the receiving end of one of Billys lies and the frustration of knowing he is lying, whilst at the same time playing along with the lie. The actor playing Billy should be hesitant at first when questioned by his mum or any one, and then answer confidently. In Act2 when Billy is talking to Barbara, he tells numerous lies, for example when he first enters the scene, he says Hey, listen! Ive just had my fortune told by a gypsy when the actor is delivering this line they should run into the scene and say it loud and clear, this line should be said with enthusiasm. Then he says who? Oh my grandma! Yes shell be all right. Its just that shes got this rare disease theyre trying a new drug out on her. This is a complete lie and the actor should be walking around the room and then stop, looking a little puzzled, before answering confidently. Billy also tells a lie about his father to try and get out of the conversation, as he is trying to avoid the conversation; he ends up making up more lies to try and get out of it. He says I know. Hes been summonsed twice for using bad language when delivering this line I think Billy should be hesitant, and sitting on a chair. In act two there are many examples of Geoffreys aggressiveness and hostility towards Billy. Geoffrey is rude and aggressive towards Billy when ever he gets the opportunity, and he is quite rude about one of Billys girlfriends in this act, he says to Billy ; she likes her food, doesnt she ? Shell take some keeping. By bloody hell! She had her share of that pork pie, didnt she? this demonstrates how rude and hostile Geoffrey is to Billy and that he takes every opportunity to criticise and humiliate Billy. It also shows that in almost every sentence, Geoffrey manages to get the word bloody into it, when addressing Billy. When Geoffrey and Billy are talking, you begin to see a slight bit of warmth between the two, but it only lasts for a few seconds, before Geoffrey returns to his normal antagonistic ways. I think the playwrights of Billy Liar were very successful in getting across the awkward relationship between Billy and Geoffrey. I think they did well in capturing the two completely different personalities and demonstrated the clash of generations clearly. I also like the way the themes were put across, I think it were really clear and easy to grasp. Billys fantasies and lies and the seriousness of them, were put across well. It shows that however much Billy tries to change his life, it will always be the same.

United Nations Convention Early Childhood Education

Question: Discuss about the United Nations Convention for Early Childhood Education. Answer: Introduction The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) deals with the childs rights according to the international human rights. The convention illustrates the way the children needs to be viewed and treated (Unicef.org.uk, 2016). The assignment studies the rights of the child on the seven-year-old child, Ruth based on the UNCRC articles and the social cultural theorists- Urie Bronfenbrenner and Lev Vygotsky. In addition, the theories apply to the UNCRC articles that are Article 12 and Article 15 for further explanation and effectiveness. Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological theory considers the ideas of the environment greatly based on childs development that seeks to explain the knowledge, competencies and development through support, structure and guidance. Moreover, it also explains the social change over time in terms of cumulative effect affected by interactions among the number of overlapping ecosystem (Bessell, 2015). On the other hand, Lev Vygotsky theory is based on the zone of proximal development through asking for right questions as well as planning for further experiences. Furthermore, it maintains the children knowledge and acquisition of social construct like beliefs, culture and problem solving strategies. However, UNCRC considers the articles laid down for child development to highlight the positioning of the child in the society (Unicef.org.uk, 2016). The social construct theories are apt for the both the articles as the child decides the basis of his/her environment. Differences in the theories based on the UNRC Articles The basic difference between the Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenners theory is the nature of environment. Vygotsky is of the view that learning is done through the environment in order to develop the potential of the child. However, the process is based on the childs intelligence that is developed over time and is single directional in nature (Bornstein Bruner, 2014). Nevertheless, child and environment social interaction can increase if the childs guidance is from the known people such as family and friends but it assumes that too complex situation needs to be mastered independently by the child to adopt the environment without any difficulty. On the other hand, Bronfenbrenners view is undertaken on the broad concept of the systems theory in which the environment is based on different ecosystems that define the childs development. Conversely, this assumes to a have bidirectional relational relationship between child and environment (Zhou Brown, 2014). The second major difference between the two articles is that Vygotskys was primarily based on the relationship with single environment and childrens capacity to participate in the social and cultural context of their participation as a basis for learning new things like language which can be termed as a key aspect in cognitive development (Van Lier, 2014). Whereas Bronfenbrenners ecological theory emphasizes on the participation and engagement through person, process, context as well as time based on the collaborative as well as active activities undertaken by the child to learn the environment and also by the environment for active participation of the child (Labuschagne, 2015). Although, Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological theory is based on the workings of Bandura and Vygotsky but the theory assumes to have more importance than Vygotsky theory because it covers the article 12 and 15 both of UNRC when applied on the seven year old, Ruth. The theory not only highlights the importance of child and environment development but it also studies the different groups as well as varied systems and interrelationships among those systems that Ruth is facing and will face till she becomes competent. The article 15 is based on different systems that include family as well as society which provide assistance in the Ruths development. Conversely, article 12 also fits in the theory because the learning is bidirectional such as Ruth can influence the behavior of the family and vice versa. The multi-level environments as well as interactions among them provide a basis of physical health, maturity, language, cognitive development as well as competence and communication skills that not only helps in childs development but also accompanies the social change over time on the multi-level environments (Rose, Gilbert Richards, 2015). On the contrary, Ruth is also one child that needs to be served equally with all rights in the environment and with her learning with the environment, Ruth can also provide her opinion which will term to be beneficial for the environment. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that UNCRC articles apply with social construct theories between the child and environment. moreover, out of the two social cultural theories Bronfenbrenners ecological theory prove to be effective as the relationship with the child and environment is bidirectional in nature stating one affect the other and vice versa. However, this theory can prove to be effective when applied to Article 12 and Article 15 and also when analyzed on the perspective of Ruth. References Bessell, S. (2015). Rights-Based Research with Children: Principles and Practice.Young,2, 1. Bornstein, M. H., Bruner, J. S. (2014).Interaction in human development. Psychology Press. Labuschagne, M. (2015).Promoting quality learning environments at early childhood centres through service learning(Doctoral dissertation). Rose, J., Gilbert, L., Richards, V. (2015).Health and Well-being in Early Childhood. Sage. Van Lier, L. (2014).Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity. Routledge. What is the UNCRC? | Children's rights | Unicef UK. (2016).Unicef.org.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2016, from https://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/UN-Convention/ Zhou, M., Brown, D. (2014). Educational learning theories.